Perched high on a hill with panoramic views over the city of Gjirokastër, the Gjirokastër Castle, or Kalaja e Gjirokastrës in Albanian, is one of the most mighty and best-preserved fortresses in Albania. Its structure, which has withstood centuries of history, offers a fascinating journey through the region’s military, political and cultural past. From its defensive role in the medieval period to its use as a prison in the 20th century, this castle has witnessed significant historical events. Join us on this detailed exploration of its history, architecture and tourist attractions.
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History of Gjirokastër Castle
Origins and initial construction
Gjirokastër Castle dates back to the 12th century, during the rule of the Byzantine Empire in the region. Its strategic location above the Drino Valley gave it a crucial role in defending the city and surrounding areas. Although the early fortifications were modest, they were expanded and reinforced over time, especially after the arrival of Ottoman rule in the 15th century.
Main historical events
Over the centuries, the castle has been the setting for military conflicts and political changes. In the 19th century, Ali Pasha of Tepelena undertook a major expansion of the fortress, adding new walls and internal structures. During the Italian and German occupation in World War II, the fortress was used for military purposes, and later, under Enver Hoxha’s communist regime, it became a political prison.
Transformations through the centuries
Since its original construction, the castle has undergone various modifications. The most significant occurred under Ottoman rule and later in the 20th century. Today, the castle houses several areas of interest, such as the Armaments Museum, which displays a collection of weapons used in Albania’s key historical conflicts.
Architecture and structure
Main architectural features
Gjirokastër Castle stretches over more than 600 meters and is surrounded by thick stone walls. Inside, visitors can see defensive towers, an aqueduct and an old gunpowder magazine. Its structure was designed to withstand prolonged sieges, reflecting the strategic importance it held throughout history.
Construction materials and techniques used
The castle’s walls and buildings were built mainly with limestone extracted from the region, giving it its characteristic grayish color. During the Ottoman era, architectural improvements were introduced, including the use of advanced masonry techniques to reinforce the defenses.
Layout and defensive elements
The castle is divided into several sections, including open courtyards, underground passageways and old dungeons. A prominent watchtower offers views of the entire valley. The site also includes an old prison that remained in use until the 1970s and a hangar displaying a U.S. military plane captured in 1957.
Function and use over time
Military fortress and residence
From the beginning, the castle served a dual purpose: protecting the population and housing local rulers. During Ali Pasha’s rule, luxurious quarters were built within the fortress, reflecting the ruler’s power.
Ottoman period and structural modifications
Under Ottoman control, the castle was greatly expanded with the addition of new bastions and towers. These renovations not only strengthened its defenses but also adapted the castle to the warfare tactics of the time.
Uses in the 20th century and today
In the 20th century, the castle became a political prison under the communist regime. Today, it is a major tourist site and hosts the National Folklore Festival, one of Albania’s most important cultural events.
Gjirokastër Castle in the regional context
Its importance in Albanian history
The castle has played a key role in Albanian history, serving as a defensive bastion and center of power during various periods. Its connection to historical figures like Ali Pasha of Tepelena reinforces its significance in Albanian national identity.
Relationship with the city of Gjirokastër and its development
The city of Gjirokastër, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, has developed around the castle, forming a valuable architectural ensemble. Its stone houses reflect Ottoman influence and are considered one of the finest examples of traditional Balkan architecture.
Restoration and conservation
Over the years, the castle has undergone various restoration projects to preserve its structure. Currently, efforts are underway to ensure its conservation as part of Albania’s cultural heritage.
How to get to Gjirokastër Castle
The castle is open daily with varying hours depending on the season. Admission costs €4.03, with discounts available for students and groups. The castle is accessible on foot from Gjirokastër’s historic center or by car from Tirana and other major cities.
Best time to visit the castle
Spring and autumn are the best seasons to visit, as the weather is pleasant and there are fewer tourists.
Nearby accommodations
The Gjirokastër region offers a wide range of accommodations, from boutique hotels to traditional houses and rural lodgings. In addition to the city of Gjirokastër itself, nearby towns can be a great option for those seeking tranquility, nature or a different experience during their visit to the area.
Accommodations in Gjirokastër
Staying in Gjirokastër allows visitors to enjoy the historic atmosphere of the city, with its cobbled streets and stone houses. Many lodging options are in restored buildings that preserve the Ottoman essence.
- Hotel Gjirokastra: Located in a traditional house, it offers a cozy atmosphere with views of the castle.
- Kodra Hotel: Known for its panoramic views and Albanian cuisine restaurant.
- Old Bazaar 1790: Set in the heart of the old bazaar, ideal for those seeking an immersive experience in local culture.
- Stone City Hostel: Popular among backpackers, offering a social atmosphere and a good location.
Accommodations in nearby towns
For those who prefer a quieter setting or want to explore other corners of the region, there are several nearby towns with interesting lodging options.
Libohovë (15 km from Gjirokastër)
Libohovë is known for its 18th-century castle and natural surroundings. It is an excellent choice for those looking to explore more historic fortresses and enjoy a slower pace of life.
- Hotel Libohova: Rustic accommodation with mountain views and access to hiking trails.
Permet (60 km from Gjirokastër)
Famous for its thermal waters and its wine and raki production, Permet is an ideal choice for travelers looking for relaxation and nature. Langarica Canyon and Bredhi i Hotovës National Park are also nearby.
- Funky Guesthouse Permet: A charming guesthouse with excellent hospitality and local cuisine.
Tepelenë (30 km from Gjirokastër)
Tepelenë is a destination with significant historical value, as it was the birthplace of Ali Pasha. Its castle and mountainous surroundings make it an interesting choice for those wanting to learn more about Albania’s history.
- Hotel Tepelena: Comfortable lodging with views of the Vjosa River.
Nearby places of interest
Beyond Gjirokastër Castle, the region offers other historical, natural and cultural attractions that enhance the overall experience.
Gjirokastër historic center
The cobbled streets and stone houses of Gjirokastër’s historic center, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, reflect Ottoman architecture and offer an authentic view into the city’s history.
Gjirokastër Ethnographic Museum
Located in the former home of Enver Hoxha’s family, this museum provides a look into daily life in the city over the centuries, with displays of traditional clothing, furniture and tools.
Old Bazaar of Gjirokastër
Gjirokastër’s bazaar is one of the oldest in Albania and a great place to find handmade crafts, woven carpets and regional souvenirs.
Bredhi i Hotovës National Park
This national park, located near Permet, is known as the "little Switzerland of Albania" thanks to its vast fir forests, mountains and clear rivers. It’s perfect for hiking, wildlife watching and enjoying the Langarica thermal springs.
Vjosa River
Considered the last wild river in Europe, the Vjosa offers opportunities for rafting and canyon exploration. Its turquoise waters and natural surroundings make it a must-see for nature lovers.
Ali Pasha’s Castle in Tepelenë
Located in the town of Tepelenë, this castle was one of Ali Pasha’s most important fortresses. From its walls, visitors can enjoy a panoramic view of the Vjosa River valley.
Benja thermal springs
Located in Langarica Canyon, these natural thermal springs are rich in minerals and are believed to have therapeutic properties. They are a perfect spot to relax after a day of exploring.
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