Located in the coastal city of Durrës, Albania, the Durrës Castle is one of the most representative remnants of the region’s medieval fortification. Although only parts of its original structure remain today, this castle, known in Albanian as Kalaja e Durrësit, continues to be a point of interest for travelers seeking to immerse themselves in the area’s history and architecture. Read about its history, architectural evolution, current tourist attractions, nearby places to visit, and how to get there easily.
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History of Durrës Castle
Origins and initial construction
Durrës Castle was built during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I (491–518), who was born in the city of Durrës, then known as Dyrrhachium. Coming from an Illyrian-Roman family, Anastasius transformed the city into one of the most secure fortresses on the Adriatic, solidifying its strategic position within the Byzantine Empire. As part of this defense plan, in addition to the main castle in Durrës, a second fortification was built about 7 kilometers north in the current area of Porto Romano, known as "The Roman Gate."
The castle’s original walls withstood various conflicts over the centuries, but in 1273, a powerful earthquake severely damaged them, leading to extensive repairs. Despite these reconstructions, the fortress remained a central element in the city’s defense, facing successive waves of invaders and occupiers.
Most relevant historical events
Durrës Castle has been at the center of numerous historical events. In 1392, after the city was taken by Gjergj Thopia, the Republic of Venice took control of the fortification. During this period, the Venetians reinforced the already mighty defenses with new watchtowers and extensions to the walls.
The strategic importance of the fortress is mentioned by Byzantine historian Anna Komnene in her work Alexiad, where she describes Durrës’ walls as so wide that "four horsemen could ride side by side atop them." These fortifications remained under Venetian rule until 1501, when the city was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. During the Ottoman occupation, which lasted until 1912, the castle and its walls were once again reinforced to meet the defensive needs of the time.
Today, parts of the medieval walls that once surrounded the city have been partially preserved, reaching up to 4.6 meters in height in some sections. Three of its original watchtowers and parts of its gates still stand, representing about one third of the original wall’s length.
Its role in the city’s defense
Over the centuries, Durrës Castle played a crucial role in defending the city against Norman, Venetian, and Ottoman invaders. Its position on the Adriatic coast made it an essential barrier protecting trade and navigation in the region. Thanks to its solid walls and watchtowers, the fortress allowed its occupants to resist various sieges and attacks, establishing itself as a key defensive bastion in Albania.
During World War II, Durrës was also the scene of significant clashes. On April 7, 1939, when Italy invaded Albania, a group of just 360 Albanian fighters, made up of gendarmes and armed citizens with limited ammunition and three machine guns, resisted the advance of Italian troops for several hours. Led by Abaz Kupi, commander of the gendarmerie, and Mujo Ulqinaku, a navy officer, these patriots managed to slow down the enemy landing until a reinforcement of light tanks tipped the balance in favor of the invaders. In just five hours, Durrës fell under Italian control.
Current condition and recent restorations
In modern times, the castle’s remains have been the focus of various conservation initiatives. In February 2022, the EU4Culture group announced an ambitious restoration project for the Main Tower of Durrës Castle. With a budget of 675,000 euros and a six-month execution period, this intervention aims not only to restore the tower’s structure but also to modernize its presentation through digital interpretation tools and interactive displays.
This project represents Albania’s first large-scale effort to transform a historic fortification into a heritage interpretation center, ensuring its preservation and promoting its cultural value for future generations.
Architecture and structure
Main architectural features
The castle features a typical design of Byzantine and Venetian fortifications. Its walls were built with large limestone blocks and reinforced with watchtowers at strategic points. In some sections, remnants of the original structure can still be seen, showcasing both Eastern and Western influences in its design.
Construction materials and techniques
The castle walls were primarily built with local limestone, a strong and abundant material in the region. During the Venetian occupation, bricks and mortar were added to reinforce the existing structures. This combination of materials allowed the fortress to withstand multiple attacks over the centuries.
Evolution and modifications over time
Throughout its history, the castle underwent several modifications. In the Venetian period, additional fortifications were added and watchtowers were reinforced. Later, under Ottoman rule, it was adapted to new military strategies, incorporating gunports and more advanced defensive systems.
Function and use over time
Defensive and strategic use
Since its construction, the castle had a primarily defensive function. It protected the city from sea-based attacks and served as a strategic bastion in the Adriatic region. Its design allowed for efficient defense, with a structure that hindered access for potential invaders.
Transformations in the Middle Ages and later periods
In the Middle Ages, the castle was expanded and reinforced several times. During the Venetian occupation, architectural elements characteristic of the era were added, while the Ottomans adapted it to their military needs. Over time, its primary function shifted from defense to becoming a more symbolic structure within the city.
Current condition and conservation efforts
Today, what remains of the castle is part of Albania’s cultural heritage. Local authorities have carried out restoration work to preserve its remnants and allow visitor access. Although much of the original structure has disappeared, the site remains an important tourist attraction in Durrës.
Durrës Castle in the regional context
Its importance in the history of Albania
Over the centuries, the castle played a key role in defending Albania against foreign invasions. Its history is closely linked to the development of Durrës as one of the country’s most important cities.
Relationship with other castles and fortresses in the country
Durrës Castle is part of a network of fortresses that spans across Albania, many of which were built or reinforced during the Venetian and Ottoman occupations. Among them are Krujë Castle and Gjirokastër Castle.
Cultural aspects and traditions
Legends and associated myths
Like many ancient fortresses, Durrës Castle is shrouded in myths and legends. It is said that its walls hosted secret meetings between military leaders and that its underground tunnels hid treasures from ancient civilizations.
Historical events and commemorations
Throughout the year, the city of Durrës organizes cultural events that include historical reenactments and festivals in honor of its medieval past. The castle remains a symbolic place to remember the region’s history.
Restoration and conservation
Restoration work on the castle has been essential for its preservation. Over recent decades, archaeological excavations have been carried out to document its evolution and reinforce the most deteriorated parts of the structure.
How to get to Durrës Castle
Located in the historic center of Durrës, the castle offers panoramic views of the Adriatic Sea and the city. It is open to the public year-round, with schedules that vary depending on the season. Admission is free in most accessible areas.
Getting there by public transport
Durrës has good bus connections from Tirana and other cities in Albania.
Getting there by car
The city is well connected by road, and there are parking areas near the castle.
Best time to visit
Spring and autumn are the best seasons to explore the castle, as temperatures are pleasant and there are fewer tourists.
Nearby accommodations
Durrës offers a wide variety of accommodations for all budgets, from hotels to seaside resorts. The city is a popular destination in summer, so early booking is recommended.
Accommodations in Durrës
In Durrës itself, visitors can find hotels with views of the Adriatic Sea, particularly those located along the promenade. Many of these establishments offer direct beach access and are close to restaurants and tourist attractions.
Accommodations in Golem
Just 15 km south of Durrës, the town of Golem is an excellent alternative for those seeking tranquility and less crowded beaches. Here you’ll find numerous resorts with pools, private sea access, and entertainment options.
Accommodations in Tirana
For those who prefer to stay in the capital, Tirana is 35 km from Durrës and offers a wide range of both luxury and budget hotels. It is an ideal option for visitors who want to combine the castle visit with a tour of Albania’s vibrant cultural and culinary scene.
Nearby points of interest
In addition to Durrës Castle, the region features various historical and cultural sites that enrich the visitor’s experience.
Durrës Amphitheatre
Located in the city center, this Roman amphitheatre from the 2nd century is one of the largest in the Balkans. It is believed to have held up to 20,000 spectators and still retains part of its original structure. A must-visit for history lovers.
Durrës Archaeological Museum
Just a short walk from the castle, the Archaeological Museum showcases finds dating from the Illyrian period to the Byzantine era. Its collection includes statues, ceramics, and mosaics that reflect the city’s rich history.
Durrës Promenade
The Epidamn Boulevard and the promenade area are perfect places to enjoy the Adriatic breeze. Filled with cafés, restaurants, and bars, these spots offer a relaxing experience after a day of exploring the city’s history.
City of Krujë
Located 55 km north of Durrës, the historic city of Krujë is famous for its castle, which served as the main fortress of national hero Skanderbeg. It also features a traditional bazaar where visitors can purchase local crafts and souvenirs.
Berat, the "city of a thousand windows"
About two hours by car from Durrës, Berat is a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its Ottoman houses and its impressive hilltop castle. It’s an ideal destination for lovers of architecture and history.
Divjakë-Karavasta National Park
For nature enthusiasts, 50 km south of Durrës lies Divjakë-Karavasta National Park, home to one of Europe’s largest colonies of Dalmatian pelicans. It’s a perfect spot for birdwatching and outdoor activities.
Next recommended castles: Castles of Albania.
